Book Review: Representative Men By: Nishanth Balaji

 Book Review: Representative Men

By: Nishanth Balaji

Ralph Waldo Emerson's Representative Men is not your typical collection of essays. First published in 1850, this book offers a unique take on history, philosophy, and human nature by focusing on six influential figures: Plato, Swedenborg, Montaigne, Shakespeare, Napoleon, and Goethe. Each of these individuals, according to Emerson, embodies a specific type of genius, representing different aspects of human thought and achievement. For a teen reader, Representative Menpresents a challenging, yet fascinating, exploration of greatness and how these iconic figures continue to influence our world today.

Though written more than 150 years ago, Representative Men remains relevant for modern readers, particularly those who are curious about history, literature, and philosophy. The essays aren't simple biographies. Instead, Emerson uses these historical figures as a springboard for discussing deeper philosophical ideas about human potential and the nature of genius. While the language may be difficult at times, the insights Emerson provides are thought-provoking and worth the effort.

Plato: The Philosopher

Emerson begins his collection with Plato, whom he describes as the "representative of philosophy." For Emerson, Plato embodies the search for truth and knowledge, representing the intellectual side of human nature. Plato’s work focuses on the power of ideas and how they shape reality, and Emerson draws on these ideas to argue that philosophy is not just about abstract thought, but about discovering the principles that govern our lives.

For teens, this essay is an invitation to think deeply about the world and the importance of questioning the status quo. Plato’s method of using dialogue to explore philosophical questions encourages us to have conversations about what we believe and why. In an age where we’re bombarded with information from social media, news, and school, Emerson’s essay on Plato is a reminder that we need to think critically and engage with ideas, not just passively accept them.

Swedenborg: The Mystic

The next figure Emerson discusses is Emanuel Swedenborg, a Swedish philosopher and mystic who represents the spiritual aspect of human genius. Swedenborg’s visions and writings about the spiritual world fascinated Emerson, who admired how Swedenborg merged science with mysticism. While the essay on Swedenborg is probably the most difficult of the collection due to its focus on spirituality and esoteric ideas, it’s also one of the most intriguing.

Emerson uses Swedenborg as an example of how genius doesn’t have to be strictly intellectual—it can also be deeply spiritual. This essay challenges readers to consider the possibility that there’s more to life than what we can see or measure. Swedenborg’s life and work encourage us to explore our own beliefs about the supernatural and the unknown, making it a thought-provoking read for anyone who’s curious about the mysteries of existence.

Montaigne: The Skeptic

In his essay on Michel de Montaigne, Emerson explores the power of skepticism and self-reflection. Montaigne, a French philosopher known for his personal essays, is portrayed as a thinker who questioned everything, including himself. Emerson admires Montaigne's ability to look inward and examine his own thoughts and actions with honesty and humor.

For teens, Montaigne's approach to life is especially relatable. In a time of self-discovery, when we’re figuring out who we are and what we believe, Montaigne reminds us that it’s okay to question ourselves and the world around us. His skepticism doesn’t lead to cynicism but rather to a deeper understanding of the human experience. Emerson’s admiration for Montaigne encourages us to embrace uncertainty and use it as a tool for growth.

Shakespeare: The Poet

William Shakespeare, the next figure in Emerson’s lineup, is described as the "representative of the creative imagination." Emerson views Shakespeare as the ultimate artist, someone whose works capture the full range of human emotions and experiences. Shakespeare's genius lies in his ability to create characters and stories that resonate with people across time and cultures.

For readers, Emerson’s essay on Shakespeare is a celebration of creativity and the arts. It serves as a reminder that the ability to create—whether through writing, music, or any other form of art—is a powerful expression of human potential. Shakespeare’s works, with their timeless themes of love, ambition, betrayal, and redemption, show us the importance of storytelling in understanding ourselves and others.

Napoleon: The Man of the World

Napoleon Bonaparte, the French military leader, represents the practical side of human genius in Emerson’s collection. Unlike the other figures, who are more philosophical or artistic, Napoleon is admired for his ability to take action and make things happen. Emerson respects Napoleon’s ambition and determination, even if he doesn’t agree with his methods or moral choices.

Napoleon’s inclusion in Representative Men reminds us that genius isn’t always about deep thinking or creativity—it can also be about leadership and the ability to get things done. For teens, this essay highlights the importance of ambition and the drive to succeed, even when faced with obstacles. While Napoleon’s life serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of power, it also illustrates the importance of being decisive and confident in our actions.

Goethe: The Writer

Finally, Emerson closes with Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, the German writer and polymath who, like Shakespeare, represents the power of the creative mind. Emerson admires Goethe for his ability to balance multiple interests, from literature to science, and for his pursuit of truth through art.

Goethe’s life and work remind us that we don’t have to limit ourselves to one field or one interest. Emerson’s portrayal of Goethe encourages teens to explore different passions and to see the connections between seemingly unrelated subjects. Whether you’re interested in science, literature, or philosophy, Goethe’s example shows that it’s possible to excel in multiple areas and to find beauty and meaning in all aspects of life.

Conclusion: A Reflection on Greatness

Representative Men is more than just a collection of essays about famous historical figures. Through these six individuals, Emerson explores what it means to be human and what it takes to achieve greatness. Each of these men represents a different aspect of genius, from philosophical thought to creative expression to practical leadership. Together, they offer a blueprint for understanding human potential and the different ways we can leave our mark on the world.

For teen readers, Representative Men is a challenging but rewarding read. It pushes us to think deeply about what it means to be great and how we can apply the lessons of these historical figures to our own lives. Whether we’re inspired by Plato’s pursuit of knowledge, Montaigne’s self-reflection, or Napoleon’s ambition, Emerson’s essays encourage us to strive for our own version of greatness—whatever form that may take.

Works Cited

Ralph Waldo Emerson. Representative Men. Phillips, Sampson and Company, 1850.