In August 1587, approximately 115 English people landed on Roanoke Island off the coast of present-day North Carolina to try to establish England’s first permanent colony in the New World. This group was going to be the first successful attempt of an English colony in the New World. The settlers were men, women, and children, including Virginia Dare, the first English child to be born in North America.
After settling in, the colony’s governor, John White, decided to return to England later during the same year to obtain supplies. However, White’s return plans were put on hold after an unforeseen obstacle, war with Spain, emerged. England was preparing against the mighty Spanish Armada, and therefore, all available ships were commandeered to serve in the war. Therefore, White could not return to Roanoke for nearly three years.
When White finally sailed back in August 1590, he found something no one expected, the entire settlement was deserted. There were no bodies, no battle or struggle, and no written explanation. The lone survivor of this mystery was a single clue in the form of the word “CROATOAN” carved into one of the wooden posts of the colony’s barrier.
The word Croatoan was significant in that it was the name of a nearby island, as well as the name of a Native American tribe that inhabited the island. Some believed this meant that the colonists had gone to live with that tribe. White, however, found no trace of the settlers when he later returned to Croatoan Island, which was later renamed Hatteras Island.
Over the centuries, historians and archaeologists have come up with several theories explaining the disappearance. Other theories propose that the colonists were killed or taken by the local Native Americans. Other theories hold that the colonists had tried to build a ship to get back to England and were lost at sea. It is also possible that they moved further inland and assimilated with the Native American population. None of the theories measures up to the clues left behind, and there is no solid conclusion to be drawn from the evidence.
Starting in the early 2000s, researchers began using a range of modern techniques, including DNA analysis, to try to uncover definitive evidence of what transpired with those who stayed at Roanoke. That scientists' examination of some families local to tribes in the region, or whose ancestors had been the colonists of Roanoke, did not give unambiguous evidence.
Although the fate of the Lost Colony remains unsolved, the mystery has provided important lessons for later English colonization attempts. Just 17 years after the disappearance at Roanoke, settlers successfully established Jamestown nearby.
“What Happened to the Lost Colony of Roanoke?” History.com, A&E Television Networks,
https://www.history.com/articles/what-happened-to-the-lost-colony-of-roanoke. Accessed
28 Feb. 2026.